Resume Artikel Basic Classical Ethnographic Research Methods
Oleh
: Immas Putri A
Resume
Judul
: Basic Classical Ethnographic Research Methods
Secondary Data Analysis,
Fieldwork, Observation/Participant Observation, and Informal and Semi‑structured
Interviewing
Penulis
: Tony L. Whitehead, Ph.D., MS.Hyg.
Secondary
Data Analysis
Analisis data sekunder sangat diperlukan
dalam penelitian etnografi. Sebelum penelitian dilakukan, biasanya peneliti
mencari sumber-sumber awal informasi sebagai data awal untuk membuat hipotesis.
Tony memiliki beberapa daftar sumber data sekunder diantaranya
· Scholarly and popular (including media)
publications and products.
· Archival and statistical data found in
various administrative sources at the national, state and local levels
· Other archival documents, such as maps, atlases,
abstracts of titles, and title deeds;
· Records and data collected by business,
educational, health, social services, labor and professional associations,
church records, and other entities that collect data for their particular
missions;
· Data collected in various types of
directories, including telephone, local business directories, special ethnic
publications;
· Personal and Individual data, such as
diaries, family histories, biographies and autobiographies, tombstones, etc.
Oleh karenanya seorang etnografer harus
memiliki pengetahuan awal sebelum turun ke lapangan. Pengetahuan awal itu dapat
diperoleh dari sumber online, organisasi atau lembaga terkait guna mencari data
awal.
Fieldwork is an Essential Attribute of
Ethnography
Wolcott (1995) defines fieldwork as a form
of inquiry that requires a researcher to be immersed personally in the ongoing
social activities of some individual or group carrying out the research.
Pendapat Wolcott itu dapat saya simpulkan
sebagai penelitian partisipasi observasi, dimana si peneliti berada di
tengah-tengah masyarakat yang ia teliti selama kurun waktu tertentu. Hal ini
memungkinkan si peneliti dapat memperoleh data yang valid dan mendalam. Tony
mengatakan bahwa bahwa etnografi sama dengan penelitian lain yang berdasarkan
perspektif ontologi dan epistemologi tertentu. Menurut Tony terdapat beberapa
atribut ataupun pendukung enografi yang penting ketika digunakan di lapangan
diantaranya,
·
Ethnography
is a holistic approach to the study of cultural systems.
·
Ethnography
is the study of the socio‑cultural contexts, processes, and meanings within
cultural systems.
·
Ethnography
is the study of cultural systems from both emic and etic perspectives.
·
Ethnography
is a process of discovery, making inferences, and continuing
inquiries in an attempt to achieve emic validity.
·
Ethnography
is an iterative process of learning episodes.
· Ethnography is an open‑ended emergent
learning process, and not a rigid investigator controlled experiment.
·
Ethnography
is a highly flexible and creative process.
·
Ethnography
is an interpretive, reflexive, and constructivist process.
·
Ethnography
requires the daily and continuous recording of fieldnotes.
·
Ethnography
presents the world of its host population in human contexts of thickly
A
Conceptual Model for the Ethnographic Study of Cultural System: The Cultural
Systems Paradigm (The CSP)
Yang menjadi atribut utama adalah konsep
budaya dengan masalah yang kurang disepakati mengenai definisi konsep.
Selanjutnya CSP memiliki konsep yang biasa disebut dengan Principle of
Paradigmatic Flexibility. Konsep ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan
ekspresi perilaku dan ideologi manusia yang mana itu menunjukkan bahwa studi
budaya itu harus fleksibel. Prinsip selanjutnya adalah Principle of the
Interrelationship between Socio-cultural Context, Processe, and Meaning System.
Pada prinsip ini bertujuan untuk memahami mengapa perilaku dan cara bertahan
manusia berkaitan dengan sosial budaya.
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